— — the plume that rises higher than the falls themselves.
“Niagara is two falls, one river, and a boat at the bottom. Horseshoe carries the bulk of the flow, about 600,000 gallons a second over a 2,600-foot crest, and the spray climbs back up the gorge in a steady white column. The Maid of the Mist runs into that column from below, blue rain jackets against the green water. From the rim, the people on her deck look impossibly small.
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Niagara Falls sits on the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, on the border between New York and Ontario. Three falls make up the cataract — Horseshoe (Canadian), American, and Bridal Veil — separated by Goat Island and Luna Island on the U.S. side. The Horseshoe Falls crest runs about 2,600 feet wide and 167 feet high; the American Falls about 1,060 feet wide and 100 feet to the talus pile at the base (Niagara Parks Commission).
Average flow over the Horseshoe in peak summer is roughly 600,000 gallons per second, with night and off-season flows reduced by hydroelectric diversion under a 1950 U.S.-Canada treaty (Niagara Parks Commission). The plume above the crest is the falls vaporizing on impact and rising back up the gorge wall. On cold January mornings the spray freezes mid-air and coats the railings and trees on both sides in a hard rime.
The Maid of the Mist operates from the U.S. side at Prospect Point from roughly late April through October, weather permitting, carrying passengers in blue ponchos into the base of the Horseshoe. The Hornblower Niagara Cruises run the same route from the Canadian side in red ponchos. Niagara Falls State Park is open year-round; the Cave of the Winds wooden decks on Goat Island run seasonally (Niagara Falls State Park).