— — a river that runs both ways with the tide.
“Three hundred and fifteen miles, from a pond near Mount Marcy to the harbour at the foot of Manhattan. The lower half is a tidal estuary, so the river breathes upstream and back twice a day, all the way to the dam at Troy. The Lenape called it the river that flows both ways. A century of painters set their easels along the Catskill bends and made it the first American landscape worth a frame. from the studio
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The Hudson runs 315 miles from Henderson Lake in the Adirondack High Peaks to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan, draining a watershed of roughly 14,000 square miles across eastern New York. The lower 153 miles, from Troy south, form a tidal estuary where Atlantic salt water mixes with mountain melt. Henry Hudson sailed the Half Moon as far north as present-day Albany in September 1609, looking for a passage to Asia. The Mohican word Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the river that flows both ways, names the same daily reversal the tide still performs today.
The estuary section is technically a drowned river, flooded by rising seas after the last ice age, which is why ocean tide reaches 153 miles inland to the Federal Dam at Troy. Salt water typically pushes as far north as Newburgh, about 60 miles upstream, before fresh river volume holds it back. Striped bass, American shad, and Atlantic sturgeon still spawn in the brackish middle reach. The river's depth at the Tappan Zee narrows is shallow enough to wade in places and over 200 feet deep in the trench off World's End near West Point.
The Hudson River School, the first native American landscape movement, was founded along these banks in the 1820s by Thomas Cole, who painted the view from his Catskill studio for the rest of his life. Frederic Church built Olana on a hill above the river in 1872 and arranged every window to frame a different bend. Today the river carries about 40 million tons of commercial traffic a year, hosts the Clearwater sloop sailings out of Beacon, and turns gold in late October when the Catskill foliage runs the western shore.