— — a four-story house of earth, still standing.
“A Great House of caliche mud, four stories tall, built by the ancestral Sonoran Desert people around 1350. It sits at the centre of an old village near the Gila River, an hour southeast of Phoenix. A wide steel roof, raised over it in 1932, keeps the rain off the walls. The doorways align to the sun and the moon at their extremes.
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Casa Grande Ruins National Monument sits on the floor of the Sonoran Desert near Coolidge, Arizona, about sixty miles southeast of Phoenix. At its centre is a four-story Great House built around 1350 by the ancestral Sonoran Desert people, sometimes called the Hohokam. The walls are caliche, a hard local mud, and rise more than thirty feet. The site became the country's first archaeological reserve in 1892 under President Benjamin Harrison and was redesignated a national monument in 1918. The National Park Service has managed it ever since.
The Great House is built not of stone but of caliche, a calcium-carbonate-rich desert mud that hardens almost like concrete when packed and dried. Walls at the base are more than four feet thick and taper as they rise. The same people built an extensive network of irrigation canals along the Gila and Salt Rivers, some of which the modern Salt River Project later traced. Several upper-floor openings align with the summer solstice sunset and the lunar standstill, suggesting the building served calendrical as well as residential functions.
Casa Grande Ruins sits along Arizona Highway 87 in Coolidge, between Phoenix and Tucson. The monument is open daily from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. except major holidays, and admission is free. Rangers offer guided walks in season. The protective steel canopy, designed by architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. and installed in 1932, shelters the Great House while leaving its walls open to view. Nearby, the small visitor centre holds Hohokam pottery, shell jewellery, and a topographic model of the surrounding village.