— the only mountain whose lava cools black.
“A steep cone in the Gregory Rift, sacred to the Maasai who call it the Mountain of God. It rises alone above the floor of the Rift, north of the Ngorongoro highlands and south of Lake Natron. The lava that erupts from it is unlike any other on earth, too cool to glow red in daylight, dark as fresh tar, weathering to a pale grey within weeks.
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Ol Doinyo Lengai stands 2,962 metres above sea level in northern Tanzania's Arusha Region, within the Gregory Rift portion of the East African Rift system. The name means Mountain of God in Maa, the language of the Maasai who live around its base. The volcano sits about 16 kilometres south of Lake Natron and has erupted repeatedly through the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, with major activity recorded in 1966 and again from 2007 into 2008. Its slopes are steep, ashy, and unforested above the lower plain.
Ol Doinyo Lengai is the only active volcano known to erupt natrocarbonatite lava, a sodium-carbonate magma that emerges at roughly 500 to 600 degrees Celsius, hundreds of degrees cooler than basaltic lava. The flows look black when fresh and weather to a chalky white within days as the sodium minerals react with humidity. The Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program logs the composition as found nowhere else on the planet. Older lava layers cap the summit in pale shelves that look, from a distance, like snow.
Climbs begin from Engare Sero village on the southern shore of Lake Natron, almost always with a Maasai guide arranged through local camps. The standard ascent leaves around midnight to reach the crater rim near dawn, gaining about 1,800 metres on a steep ash-and-scree route. The Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority recommends guided parties only, and the summit is closed during periods of elevated activity. Most visitors combine the climb with a day at Lake Natron and the flamingo colonies that gather along its alkaline shore.