— the earliest room a Christian called a church.
“A converted house on a bluff above the Euphrates, in the abandoned caravan city of Dura-Europos. Around 233 AD a family wall came down, a small assembly room and a baptistery took its place, and someone painted the Good Shepherd and the women at the tomb on the plaster. It is the oldest Christian house church we know of. The frescoes now sit at Yale.
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The Dura-Europos church sits within the ruins of Dura-Europos, an abandoned Hellenistic-Parthian-Roman caravan city on the right bank of the Euphrates in eastern Syria, about 24 km northwest of Abu Kamal and close to the Iraqi border. The church was identified during the joint Yale University and French Academy of Inscriptions excavations of 1928 to 1937, directed by Michael Rostovtzeff. Construction of the house dates to around 232 CE, with conversion to a Christian meeting space dated by inscription to roughly 233 to 256, when the city fell to a Sasanian assault and was abandoned.
The baptistery walls carry the oldest dated Christian figural paintings in the world: the Good Shepherd above the font, Adam and Eve below, the Healing of the Paralytic, the Women at the Tomb, and Christ Walking on Water. The figures are painted in a flat Syro-Parthian style, with frontal poses and almond eyes that echo the city's synagogue frescoes a few blocks away. Yale's excavation team lifted the panels from the plaster in the 1930s; they are now held at the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut.
The site itself is currently inaccessible. Dura-Europos lies in Deir ez-Zor governorate, where active conflict and heavy looting by Islamic State forces between 2011 and 2017 destroyed an estimated 70 percent of the archaeological surface, including the church's foundations. The frescoes survive only because they had been removed in the 1930s. The Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut holds the baptistery panels in its permanent collection and reconstructs the room at scale; admission is free, with the gallery open Tuesday through Sunday.