— — the red kremlin above two rivers.
“The Russian city about four hundred kilometres east of Moscow, built where the Oka empties into the Volga. The red-brick kremlin sits on a high bluff above the meeting of the rivers, its thirteen towers and two kilometres of wall raised by Italian engineers in the early 1500s. Below, the wide Volga turns north, and a long Soviet-era staircase falls down the hillside to the embankment.
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Nizhny Novgorod is the fifth-largest city in Russia, with roughly 1.2 million residents, set at the confluence of the Volga and Oka rivers about 400 kilometres east of Moscow. Founded in 1221 by Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir, it served for centuries as the trading gate between European Russia and the east, and from 1932 to 1990 it was renamed Gorky after the writer Maxim Gorky, who was born there in 1868. The city is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and marked its 800th anniversary in 2021.
The Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin stands on the high right bank above the rivers. Construction began in 1508 under the Italian engineer Pietro Francesco, known in Russian as Pyotr Fryazin, and finished in 1515, with a perimeter of about 2 kilometres, thirteen towers, and walls up to 5 metres thick. The red brick was made locally; the towers were named for the trades and the saints they faced. Inside the walls stand the seventeenth-century Mikhailo-Arkhangelsky Cathedral and the eternal flame commemorating the Second World War.
The Volga and the Oka meet directly below the kremlin walls, a confluence the locals call the Strelka, the arrow. The Volga is the longest river in Europe at 3,530 kilometres, and Nizhny is one of the great river ports along its course. The Chkalov Staircase, completed in 1949 and named for the Soviet test pilot Valery Chkalov, falls 560 steps in eighteen flights from the kremlin down to the Lower Volga embankment, where river cruises and ferries leave through the summer months.