— the red walls Moscow has gathered itself around for five centuries.
“A fortified citadel on the north bank of the Moskva River in central Moscow, walled in red brick and crowned with twenty towers. Inside the walls stand four cathedrals, the Grand Kremlin Palace, and the seat of the Russian presidency. The complex has been the political centre of Moscow since the late fifteenth century, when Italian architects rebuilt the walls into their present form.
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The Moscow Kremlin is a fortified complex on Borovitsky Hill, occupying about twenty-eight hectares above the north bank of the Moskva River in central Moscow. Its present walls and towers, in red brick faced with limestone trim, were built between 1485 and 1495 by Italian master masons brought to Moscow by Ivan III, principally Pietro Antonio Solari and Marco Ruffo. The walls run 2,235 metres around twenty towers. The site has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list, together with Red Square, since 1990.
The walls and towers were rebuilt under Ivan III by architects from Milan and Bologna, and the cathedral square inside them was raised by the same generation of Italians. Aristotele Fioravanti of Bologna designed the Cathedral of the Dormition, completed in 1479, where Russian tsars were crowned from Ivan IV through Nicholas II. The Annunciation and Archangel cathedrals followed within decades. The Italian masonry, set on a Russian Orthodox plan, gives the Kremlin its particular character: foreign hands working in a wholly local idiom.
Most of the complex is open to ticketed visitors, with separate admissions for Cathedral Square, the Armoury Chamber and the Diamond Fund. Entry is through the Kutafya and Trinity towers on the west side. The Senate Palace, the presidential office, and most of the Grand Kremlin Palace are closed to the public. Photography is permitted in the open squares but restricted inside the cathedrals. Lines lengthen sharply on Russian state holidays and around the changing of the guard at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, just outside the wall in Alexander Garden.