— — where the ships line up for the locks.
“A port city at the Caribbean end of the Panama Canal, laid out on Manzanillo Island in 1850 by the Americans building the Panama Railroad. French Caribbean balconies still line the older blocks downtown. Out in the roadstead, container ships wait their turn for the Gatun Locks, lights on through the night. The Free Trade Zone behind the breakwater moves goods to half of Latin America without ever crossing the city's streets.
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Colón sits at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal, on Manzanillo Island where the Chagres lowlands meet the sea. The city was founded in 1850 by the American contractors building the Panama Railroad, the first transcontinental rail link in the Americas, and grew again with the French and then American canal-construction eras. The metropolitan area today holds around two hundred thousand people. The Gatun Locks lift transiting ships 26 metres up to Gatun Lake; the locks were rebuilt and expanded under the New Panamax project completed in 2016.
The Canal is the city's reason for being. Northbound ships exit at Colón after a transit of about 80 kilometres from the Pacific; southbound traffic queues offshore in Limon Bay, sometimes a dozen vessels deep, waiting for a slot. The original three-chamber Gatun Locks opened in 1914; the larger New Panamax locks alongside opened in June 2016 and can handle ships of up to 366 metres. The Atlantic Bridge, a cable-stayed span over the canal entrance, opened to traffic in 2019.
The Colón Free Trade Zone, established in 1948 on the seaward edge of the city, is the second-largest free port in the world after Hong Kong, moving goods between Asia, the Americas, and the Caribbean without formal import into Panama. Cruise traffic calls at Colón 2000 a short drive from the old downtown. The city's older streets still carry the cast-iron balconies and shaded galleries of its French-Caribbean construction era, much of it weather-worn, much of it still lived in.