— — the cliffs that kept the scrolls for two thousand years.
“Qumran sits on a marl terrace above the northwest shore of the Dead Sea, in the dry heat of the Judean Desert. Between 1947 and 1956, eleven caves in the surrounding cliffs gave up the Dead Sea Scrolls: close to a thousand manuscripts, including a full Book of Isaiah. The settlement below the cliffs was excavated by Roland de Vaux and is generally read as a community of Essenes.
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Khirbet Qumran is an archaeological site on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea, in the West Bank, about 1.5 km inland from the shore and roughly 20 km east of Jerusalem. The site sits on a marl plateau at about minus 320 metres elevation, framed by limestone cliffs to the west. The settlement was excavated between 1951 and 1956 by the Dominican archaeologist Roland de Vaux, working out of the École Biblique in Jerusalem, after a Bedouin shepherd's discovery of the first scrolls in 1947.
The eleven scroll caves are cut into the soft marl terrace and the harder limestone cliffs above it. Cave 1, found by the shepherd Muhammed edh-Dhib in 1947, held the Great Isaiah Scroll and the Community Rule. Cave 4, opened in 1952, gave up the largest haul: fragments of nearly 600 manuscripts, including parts of every book of the Hebrew Bible except Esther. The scrolls are dated between roughly 250 BC and 70 AD on palaeographic and carbon evidence.
The desert at Qumran is among the driest in the region, with annual rainfall under 100 mm and summer highs above 40 degrees Celsius. That climate is the reason the scrolls survived. The Dead Sea, immediately below, sits at the lowest land elevation on Earth, currently around minus 430 metres and falling about a metre a year. The light through Wadi Qumran is hard and clear from late morning, softening only at the last hour before sunset.