— — a city the Knights drew on stone in 1566.
“The capital of Malta, walled and golden, on a finger of limestone between two natural harbours. The Knights of St John laid out the streets in a grid in 1566, after the great siege had finally ended. Honey-coloured stone holds the Mediterranean light, and the bells of St John's Co-Cathedral mark the hours over Caravaggio's Beheading of the Saint, the only painting he ever signed.
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Valletta is the capital of Malta, on a small peninsula on the country's east coast, between the Grand Harbour to the south-east and Marsamxett Harbour to the north-west. The walled city is about a kilometre long and covers 0.8 square kilometres, with a resident population near 6,000, among the smallest of EU capitals. The historic core was inscribed by UNESCO in 1980 as a complete example of a 16th-century fortified city.
The city was founded on 28 March 1566 by Grand Master Jean Parisot de Valette, six months after the Knights of St John repelled the Ottoman siege. The Italian military engineer Francesco Laparelli laid out the grid; Girolamo Cassar designed most of the early buildings, including the Magisterial Palace and St John's Co-Cathedral. Walls, bastions, and curtains are cut from Maltese globigerina limestone, a soft golden stone that hardens on exposure to air.
Maltese limestone reads gold at noon and bronze toward sunset; the city has long been called gilded for that reason. Long views run along Republic Street to the cathedral steps and out to the Grand Harbour, where the cannon of the Saluting Battery still fires at noon. Mid-summer brings hard light and 35°C heat; spring and autumn offer mid-twenties days and the same colour Caravaggio painted under in 1607 and 1608.