— — a circle the fire was not allowed to leave.
“A small round temple at the eastern end of the Forum, where the sacred fire of Rome was tended by the Vestal Virgins for more than a thousand years. The current ruin, three Corinthian columns and a curved entablature, is what remains of a reconstruction Julia Domna ordered after the fire of 191 AD. The plan is older than the Republic. Travertine, marble, and the shape of a hut the city refused to outgrow.
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The Temple of Vesta stands at the eastern end of the Roman Forum, beside the Regia and the House of the Vestals, on the slope below the Palatine. The circular plan, about 15 metres in diameter, recalls the round huts of early Latium. The standing reconstruction, three Corinthian columns and a curved section of entablature, dates to the rebuilding by Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus, after the fire of 191 AD. The sanctuary held no cult statue; the divinity was the fire itself.
The Severan rebuild used white Carrara marble over a travertine core, faced with twenty fluted Corinthian columns ringing a cella with no statue inside. The roof was conical with a central oculus to let the smoke of the sacred fire out. Earlier versions, attested by Ovid and Plutarch, were built in perishable wattle and thatch in conscious memory of the city's first huts. The temple burned repeatedly across its history: in 241 BC, 64 AD under Nero, and 191 AD, each time rebuilt to the same circular plan.
Six Vestal Virgins kept the fire continuously for thirty years each, sworn to chastity for the term of their service. The fire was ritually renewed every March 1, the old Roman New Year, by friction from a wooden drill struck against an oakwood board. On June 9, the festival of the Vestalia, the inner sanctuary was opened to married women only. The cult was dissolved by Theodosius I in 391 AD as part of the suppression of Roman religion, and the fire was let go out.