— — the dome the rain still falls through.
“The best-preserved building of ancient Rome. Commissioned by Marcus Agrippa, rebuilt by Hadrian around 126 AD, consecrated as a Christian church in 609 and still in active use. The dome is the largest unreinforced concrete dome ever poured, and the oculus at its centre is open to the sky. When it rains in Rome, it rains inside the Pantheon.
Each tile is finished by hand in our Knoxville studio. Artwork is slowly infused into the ceramic surface under high heat and pressure, and rests beneath a thin glossy finish. The colour lives in the surface, not on top of it.
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The Pantheon stands on Piazza della Rotonda in the Campus Martius district of central Rome. The current building was completed under Hadrian around 126 AD, replacing an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa around 27 BC. Agrippa's inscription, M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIVM·FECIT, was preserved on the new portico. Pope Boniface IV consecrated it as the church of Santa Maria ad Martyres in 609, the conversion that spared it the fate of most pagan Roman temples and left it the best-preserved building of ancient Rome.
The dome is the largest unreinforced concrete dome ever built, 43.3 metres across and the same in height from floor to oculus, so a perfect sphere would fit within the rotunda. Roman builders graded the aggregate from heavy travertine at the base to light pumice near the crown, and coffered the interior to reduce dead load. The oculus at the centre, 8.7 metres wide, is the only source of natural light and is part of the structural design.
The Pantheon is open daily, with shorter hours on Sunday for the parish liturgy. Italy's Ministry of Culture introduced a €5 admission in July 2023; entry remains free for Rome residents, for those under 18, and for anyone attending Mass. Inside lie the tombs of the painter Raphael, who died in 1520, and the first two kings of unified Italy, Vittorio Emanuele II and Umberto I. The piazza outside is busiest in the evening when the surrounding cafés fill.