— — a doorway forty thousand years deep.
“A wide-mouthed cave high in the Bradost Mountain, north of Erbil. Ralph Solecki's team uncovered ten Neanderthal skeletons here between 1951 and 1960; one was buried with clusters of pollen the excavators read as flowers laid in the grave. Kurdish villagers still pasture goats on the slope below. The cave keeps giving up bone. A fresh dig opened in 2014.
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Shanidar Cave opens at about 745 metres in the Bradost Mountain, in the Erbil Governorate of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The mouth is some 25 metres wide and 8 metres high, opening south over the Greater Zab valley. The site lies about 100 kilometres north of Erbil and 12 kilometres south of the Turkish border, in a region of oak woodland and seasonal pasture used by Kurdish villagers from Shanidar village in the valley below.
Ralph Solecki of Columbia University excavated the cave between 1951 and 1960, recovering the remains of ten Neanderthal individuals dated between roughly 65,000 and 35,000 years before present. Shanidar 4, the flower burial, contained concentrated clusters of pollen, yarrow, cornflower, and grape hyacinth, that Solecki read as flowers placed in the grave. A new excavation led by Cambridge began in 2014 and uncovered a further articulated upper-body skeleton, named Shanidar Z, in 2018.
The cave has been a shelter for forty thousand years. After the Neanderthals came Proto-Neolithic burials around 10,000 BCE; in the twentieth century Kurdish villagers used the chamber to overwinter goats. The smoke-darkened ceiling carries the marks of both. The valley below has been one of the contested edges of the modern world. The cave was closed during the Iran-Iraq war and the years of conflict that followed, but the limestone holds, and the bone keeps coming up.