— — the city that cuts the world's diamonds.
“The city sits on the Tapi where the river bends toward the Arabian Sea, fourteen kilometres inland. Nine out of every ten diamonds traded in the world pass through its cutting houses. The old Mughal port walls still face the river, and the Hira Bourse on the city's edge is the largest office building on earth by floor area.
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Surat lies on the south bank of the Tapi River in the Indian state of Gujarat, about fourteen kilometres upstream from where the river enters the Arabian Sea at the Gulf of Khambhat. The city of around 4.5 million is the second-largest in Gujarat after Ahmedabad and the eighth-largest in India, with the wider metropolitan area approaching 7 million. The Tapi flows roughly 724 kilometres from the Satpura range in Madhya Pradesh; Surat is the largest city on its banks and one of the oldest deep-water ports on India's western coast.
Surat cuts and polishes roughly nine out of every ten diamonds traded in the world by volume. The trade is anchored at the Surat Diamond Bourse in Khajod, opened in 2023 and certified by Guinness as the largest office building on earth by floor area, surpassing the Pentagon. Alongside diamonds, Surat is the country's largest centre for man-made textiles, producing an estimated 40 million metres of fabric a day across its mills and powerlooms.
Surat Castle was built in 1546 by Khudawand Khan under Sultan Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat, against Portuguese raids from the sea. The English East India Company established its first Indian factory here in 1612, and the Dutch and Armenian cemeteries on the city's eastern edge preserve their merchant communities' tombs. The city was struck by plague in 1994 and by flood in 2006; the rebuilding programme afterward, paired with strict sanitation reform, has ranked Surat as India's cleanest large city in repeated Swachh Survekshan years.