— — a fort on the rock the British called Gibraltar of the South.
“A dry-zone city on the eastern edge of the Deccan, set around two granite outcrops that carry an upper and lower fort. The British called the upper rock the Gibraltar of the South. Around it the plateau opens into hematite ranges that supply much of India's iron ore. Bellary became Ballary in the 2014 Kannada renaming. Hampi sits about 60 kilometres north.
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Ballary, formerly spelt Bellary in English, is the headquarters of Ballari District in eastern Karnataka, on the Deccan Plateau at about 449 metres elevation. The city of roughly 410,000 grew around two granite outcrops, the larger of which carries an upper fort visible from most of the town. The state of Andhra Pradesh begins a few kilometres east, and the historic Vijayanagara capital at Hampi lies about 60 kilometres to the north along the Tungabhadra River. The renamed Karnataka spelling Ballari was made official by the state government in November 2014 as part of a broader rationalisation of city names.
The fort sits on a granite hill rising about 145 metres above the surrounding plateau. The lower fort was raised in the 1500s under Hanumappa Nayaka, a feudatory of the Vijayanagara empire, and the upper fort was rebuilt and strengthened by Hyder Ali of Mysore around 1769. After the Treaty of Seringapatam in 1799 the rock came to the British East India Company, and a garrison held it through the 19th century, calling the outcrop the Gibraltar of the South for its dry, isolated and easily defended position above the plain.
The district sits in a dry zone with one of the lowest rainfall totals in Karnataka, averaging about 580 millimetres a year against the state mean above 1,100. Summer temperatures climb above 40°C from April through May, and the south-west monsoon arrives late and lightly compared with the Western Ghats districts. The plateau air carries iron-ore dust from the Sandur range to the west and south, where the Donimalai and Kumaraswamy mines have supplied a large share of India's iron output since the 1960s and remain the economic engine of the region.