— a river that becomes an inland sea.
“The river drains the savannah of three nations and arrives in Ghana wide and slow. At Akosombo, the dam holds back a body of water so large it carries its own weather. Below the dam the channel narrows again, threads east through palm and mango, and finally spills past Ada Foah into the Gulf of Guinea. Fishermen still work the river in long wooden canoes.
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The Volta is one of West Africa's great river systems, running roughly 1,500 kilometres from headwaters in Burkina Faso through Ghana to the Gulf of Guinea. Its three branches, the Black, White, and Red Volta, converge inside Ghana before reaching the impoundment at Akosombo. The dam, completed in 1965, created Lake Volta, among the largest reservoirs in the world by surface area. The river meets the sea at Ada Foah in the Greater Accra Region, where a long sand spit separates lagoon from ocean.
Akosombo Dam supplies most of Ghana's electricity and a share of the power used in Togo and Benin, which makes the river's flow a regional infrastructure question as much as an ecological one. Below the dam the channel runs gentler than the river its grandfathers knew; the rapids that once defined the lower reaches are gone. Above it, Lake Volta runs more than 400 kilometres inland, with cargo ferries linking Akosombo to Yeji and a fishing economy reshaped around the reservoir.
The river follows a single annual cycle driven by the West African monsoon. Rains arrive in the upper basin between May and September, and the lake at Akosombo rises through autumn before drawing down through the dry season. In years when the rains underperform, the lake drops far enough to expose roads and villages submerged in 1965. Communities downstream of the dam time their fishing and farming to those releases, and the Volta Region marks the river through Hogbetsotso and other traditional festivals.