— — two hundred and forty kilometres of slow water.
“A canal that crosses the Languedoc, opened in 1681, carrying boats from the Garonne at Toulouse to the Mediterranean at the Étang de Thau. Plane trees line most of its length, though canker stain has thinned them in places. The locks are oval and the bridges low. The water moves the speed of a walk along the towpath.
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The Canal du Midi runs 240 kilometres across the south of France, from the Garonne river at Toulouse to the lagoon of the Étang de Thau at Sète on the Mediterranean. It was conceived by Pierre-Paul Riquet, a salt-tax collector from Béziers, and built between 1666 and 1681 under Louis XIV with a labour force that reached 12,000 at peak. Together with the later Canal de Garonne, it forms the Canal des Deux Mers, joining Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO inscribed it as a World Heritage Site in 1996.
The canal has 63 locks, most of them oval rather than rectangular — Riquet's design, intended to bear the pressure of the soft local soils. Two of the engineering set-pieces survive in routine use: the staircase of eight locks at Fonseranes near Béziers, which lifts boats 21.5 metres across 300 metres of canal, and the Malpas tunnel, the first navigable canal tunnel in Europe, cut 173 metres through soft sandstone in 1679. The aqueduct at Répudre, completed in 1676, was the first canal aqueduct built in France.
The canal is fed from the Montagne Noire to the north by a system of streams, dams, and feeder channels that Riquet engineered before the main cut was dug; the reservoir of Saint-Ferréol, completed in 1671, held more water than any artificial lake in Europe at the time. The water moves slowly across the watershed at Seuil de Naurouze, the high point near Castelnaudary, and drops on both sides toward Toulouse and Sète. Plane trees lined most of the towpath until canker stain began thinning them in 2006.