— — a sea of sand the Silk Road went around.
“The Taklamakan is one of the largest sandy deserts in the world, holding the floor of the Tarim Basin in western China. Mountains close it on three sides: the Tian Shan to the north, the Pamirs to the west, the Kunlun to the south. The old Silk Road did not cross it. The caravans split at Kashgar and walked the rim, north or south, for weeks.
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The Taklamakan covers about 337,000 square kilometres of the Tarim Basin in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of western China, making it the second-largest shifting-sand desert on Earth after the Rub' al Khali. Its floor lies between 800 and 1,500 metres above sea level. The Tian Shan rises to the north, the Pamir to the west, the Kunlun and Altun ranges to the south, sealing the basin. The name is often translated as place of no return, though the etymology is disputed; the modern Uyghur sense is closer to abandoned place.
The Taklamakan is one of the driest places in Asia. Annual rainfall in the interior falls below 10 millimetres, less than a tenth of what reaches the surrounding mountains. Summer surface temperatures climb above 45°C; winter nights drop to -20°C. The dunes shift constantly under a wind the locals call the kara-buran, the black storm, which can darken the sky for days. Above the basin the air is so clear that the snow on the Kunlun is visible 200 kilometres south, from the oasis towns along the southern rim.
For most of recorded history the Taklamakan was a void on the map. Silk Road traffic went around it on two roads carved out by water from the mountains: the northern road through Kucha and Turpan, the southern road through Khotan and Niya. Buried cities along the southern road, abandoned when the rivers shifted, were re-discovered by Aurel Stein between 1900 and 1916. The interior holds no permanent settlement today. A single highway, completed in 1995 and stabilised with reed grass against the moving dunes, crosses it from north to south.